Introduction to AVR programming
by Farasbee

AVRs are interesting devices to work with and are pretty powerful devices and offer good value. And they have a Lot of interesting features built-in like  timers, Adc,EEPROM etc. and utilising the Full potential of AVR devices can be easily done using the Free and Open-source avr-gcc  based toolchain that is available for virtuall every major platform there is on the Planet!

For Windows there is Winavr, for Linux you can avr-gcc and other necessary packages to build and burn the programs to your Favorite AVR microcontroller(Heres an Awesome Tutorial by Ladyada).There are Avr development packages also available for MAC OSX such as crosspack.

You can Find tons and tons of tutorials on setting up your avr-gcc toolchain for your operating system.And if you’re stuck anytime you have your trusty friend google to get you out of it!

First setup your AVR toolchain on your favorite os.

Once you’re done then just check in your terminal by typing “avr-gcc” without the braces you should get a response similiar to this  ”avr-gcc: no input files”.

If you get the above response,Great! You’re ready to start!

Lets get started with the Development of the code for the microcontroller now .Open up your favorite text editor. (Notepad++ is a good code my favorite editor for windows,and Kate on Ubuntu).

Copy and paste the following code

#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
int main(void)
{
// Set Port B pins as all outputs
DDRB = 0xff;
while(1){
// Set all Port B pins as HIGH
PORTB ^= 0xFF;
_delay_ms(1000);//delay of one second
}
return 1;
}

Now save the file as a .c file for example blinky.c. If you have a text file change the extension to .c

Then open your terminal application goto to the directory in which you have your c code file . for example on a Linux System that would be the cd command to change the current working directory.

Copy this makefile into the folder which you have your c code .the makefile will help us compile the c file and burn it into the Micrcocontroller.

For example if you have your c code file on your desktop in the blink folder  then in your terminal type.

cd  Desktop/blink

Then type

make

You should get a message similiar to this

Now To burn the program into your microcontroller you can use avrdude . I used a USBASP programmer based on thomas fischls design.If you too are using a USBasp programmer you can just type make program into your teminal and the program will be burnt into your microcontroller.  Refer to your programmers manual and online for more information on burning the program into your micro !

Note: The Makefile i have Included is for the atmega32 if you are using a different micro from the avr family such as atmega8 or atmega328p  make sure you change the “MCU” field to the appropriate chip name.

You can copy paste the makefile below into a file named “makefile” without the braces and paste into the same folder as the C file.

# Hey Emacs, this is a -*- makefile -*-
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# WinAVR Makefile Template written by Eric B. Weddington, Jörg Wunsch, et al.
#
# Released to the Public Domain
#
# Additional material for this makefile was written by:
# Peter Fleury
# Tim Henigan
# Colin O'Flynn
# Reiner Patommel
# Markus Pfaff
# Sander Pool
# Frederik Rouleau
# Carlos Lamas
#
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# On command line:
#
# make all = Make software.
#
# make clean = Clean out built project files.
#
# make coff = Convert ELF to AVR COFF.
#
# make extcoff = Convert ELF to AVR Extended COFF.
#
# make program = Download the hex file to the device, using avrdude.
# Please customize the avrdude settings below first!
#
# make debug = Start either simulavr or avarice as specified for debugging,
# with avr-gdb or avr-insight as the front end for debugging.
#
# make filename.s = Just compile filename.c into the assembler code only.
#
# make filename.i = Create a preprocessed source file for use in submitting
# bug reports to the GCC project.
#
# To rebuild project do "make clean" then "make all".
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# MCU name
 MCU = atmega32

# Processor frequency.
 # This will define a symbol, F_CPU, in all source code files equal to the
 # processor frequency. You can then use this symbol in your source code to
 # calculate timings. Do NOT tack on a 'UL' at the end, this will be done
 # automatically to create a 32-bit value in your source code.
 # Typical values are:
 # F_CPU = 1000000
 # F_CPU = 1843200
 # F_CPU = 2000000
 # F_CPU = 3686400
 # F_CPU = 4000000
 # F_CPU = 7372800
 # F_CPU = 8000000
 # F_CPU = 11059200
 # F_CPU = 14745600
 # F_CPU = 16000000
 # F_CPU = 18432000
 # F_CPU = 20000000
 F_CPU = 8000000

# Output format. (can be srec, ihex, binary)
 FORMAT = ihex

# Target file name (without extension).
 # TARGET = main
 TARGET = test_lcd

# Object files directory
 # To put object files in current directory, use a dot (.), do NOT make
 # this an empty or blank macro!
 OBJDIR = .

PRJ_PATH = ../..
 ROOT_PATH = ..
 UTL_PATH = $(ROOT_PATH)/utils
 DRV_PATH = $(ROOT_PATH)/drivers
 # MENU_PATH = $(ROOT_PATH)/Menus
 # SM_PATH = $(ROOT_PATH)/state_machines
 # TEST_PATH = $(ROOT_PATH)/tests

# List C source files here. (C dependencies are automatically generated.)
 SRC =
 SRC += $(ROOT_PATH)/adc_test.c
 SRC += $(DRV_PATH)/I2C/I2C.c
 SRC += $(DRV_PATH)/LCD/lcd.c
 SRC += $(DRV_PATH)/ADC/adc.c
 SRC += $(DRV_PATH)/UART/uart.c
 SRC += $(UTL_PATH)/ds1307/ds1307.c

# List C++ source files here. (C dependencies are automatically generated.)

CPPSRC =
 # CPPSRC +=$(ROOT_PATH)/$(TARGET).cpp
 CPPSRC +=$(UTL_PATH)/Menu/Menu.cpp
 CPPSRC +=$(UTL_PATH)/Menu/LCDMenu.cpp

# List Assembler source files here.
 # Make them always end in a capital .S. Files ending in a lowercase .s
 # will not be considered source files but generated files (assembler
 # output from the compiler), and will be deleted upon "make clean"!
 # Even though the DOS/Win* filesystem matches both .s and .S the same,
 # it will preserve the spelling of the filenames, and gcc itself does
 # care about how the name is spelled on its command-line.
 ASRC =

# Optimization level, can be [0, 1, 2, 3, s].
 # 0 = turn off optimization. s = optimize for size.
 # (Note: 3 is not always the best optimization level. See avr-libc FAQ.)
 OPT = s

# Debugging format.
 # Native formats for AVR-GCC's -g are dwarf-2 [default] or stabs.
 # AVR Studio 4.10 requires dwarf-2.
 # AVR [Extended] COFF format requires stabs, plus an avr-objcopy run.
 DEBUG = dwarf-2

# List any extra directories to look for include files here.
 # Each directory must be seperated by a space.
 # Use forward slashes for directory separators.
 # For a directory that has spaces, enclose it in quotes.
 EXTRAINCDIRS =
 EXTRAINCDIRS += $(DRV_PATH)/I2C/
 EXTRAINCDIRS += $(DRV_PATH)/LCD/
 EXTRAINCDIRS += $(DRV_PATH)/ADC/
 EXTRAINCDIRS += $(DRV_PATH)/UART
 EXTRAINCDIRS += $(UTL_PATH)/ds1307/
 EXTRAINCDIRS += $(UTL_PATH)/Menu/

# Compiler flag to set the C Standard level.
 # c89 = "ANSI" C
 # gnu89 = c89 plus GCC extensions
 # c99 = ISO C99 standard (not yet fully implemented)
 # gnu99 = c99 plus GCC extensions
 CSTANDARD = -std=gnu99

# Place -D or -U options here for C sources
 CDEFS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)UL

# Place -D or -U options here for ASM sources
 ADEFS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)

# Place -D or -U options here for C++ sources
 CPPDEFS = -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)UL
 #CPPDEFS += -D__STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
 #CPPDEFS += -D__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS

#---------------- Compiler Options C ----------------
 # -g*: generate debugging information
 # -O*: optimization level
 # -f...: tuning, see GCC manual and avr-libc documentation
 # -Wall...: warning level
 # -Wa,...: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
 # -adhlns...: create assembler listing
 CFLAGS = -g$(DEBUG)
 CFLAGS += $(CDEFS)
 CFLAGS += -O$(OPT)
 CFLAGS += -funsigned-char
 CFLAGS += -funsigned-bitfields
 CFLAGS += -fpack-struct
 CFLAGS += -fshort-enums
 CFLAGS += -Wall
 CFLAGS += -Wstrict-prototypes
 #CFLAGS += -mshort-calls
 #CFLAGS += -fno-unit-at-a-time
 #CFLAGS += -Wundef
 #CFLAGS += -Wunreachable-code
 #CFLAGS += -Wsign-compare
 CFLAGS += -Wa,-adhlns=$( CFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I%,$(EXTRAINCDIRS))
 CFLAGS += $(CSTANDARD)

#---------------- Compiler Options C++ ----------------
 # -g*: generate debugging information
 # -O*: optimization level
 # -f...: tuning, see GCC manual and avr-libc documentation
 # -Wall...: warning level
 # -Wa,...: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
 # -adhlns...: create assembler listing
 CPPFLAGS = -g$(DEBUG)
 CPPFLAGS += $(CPPDEFS)
 CPPFLAGS += -O$(OPT)
 CPPFLAGS += -funsigned-char
 CPPFLAGS += -funsigned-bitfields
 CPPFLAGS += -fpack-struct
 CPPFLAGS += -fshort-enums
 CPPFLAGS += -fno-exceptions
 CPPFLAGS += -Wall
 CFLAGS += -Wundef
 #CPPFLAGS += -mshort-calls
 #CPPFLAGS += -fno-unit-at-a-time
 #CPPFLAGS += -Wstrict-prototypes
 #CPPFLAGS += -Wunreachable-code
 #CPPFLAGS += -Wsign-compare
 CPPFLAGS += -Wa,-adhlns=$( CPPFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I%,$(EXTRAINCDIRS))
 #CPPFLAGS += $(CSTANDARD)

#---------------- Assembler Options ----------------
 # -Wa,...: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
 # -adhlns: create listing
 # -gstabs: have the assembler create line number information; note that
 # for use in COFF files, additional information about filenames
 # and function names needs to be present in the assembler source
 # files -- see avr-libc docs [FIXME: not yet described there]
 # -listing-cont-lines: Sets the maximum number of continuation lines of hex
 # dump that will be displayed for a given single line of source input.
ASFLAGS = $(ADEFS) -Wa,-adhlns=$(

#---------------- Library Options ----------------
 # Minimalistic printf version
 PRINTF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min

# Floating point printf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)
 PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt

# If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard printf version.
 PRINTF_LIB =
 #PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_MIN)
 #PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT)

# Minimalistic scanf version
 SCANF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_min

# Floating point + %[ scanf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)
 SCANF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_flt

# If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard scanf version.
 SCANF_LIB =
 #SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_MIN)
 #SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_FLOAT)

MATH_LIB = -lm

# List any extra directories to look for libraries here.
 # Each directory must be seperated by a space.
 # Use forward slashes for directory separators.
 # For a directory that has spaces, enclose it in quotes.
 EXTRALIBDIRS =

#---------------- External Memory Options ----------------

# 64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),
 # used for variables (.data/.bss) and heap (malloc()).
 #EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,-Tdata=0x801100,--defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff

# 64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),
 # only used for heap (malloc()).
 #EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,--section-start,.data=0x801100,--defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff

EXTMEMOPTS =

#---------------- Linker Options ----------------
 # -Wl,...: tell GCC to pass this to linker.
 # -Map: create map file
 # --cref: add cross reference to map file
 LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map=$(TARGET).map,--cref
 LDFLAGS += $(EXTMEMOPTS)
 LDFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-L%,$(EXTRALIBDIRS))
 LDFLAGS += $(PRINTF_LIB) $(SCANF_LIB) $(MATH_LIB)
 #LDFLAGS += -T linker_script.x

#---------------- Programming Options (avrdude) ----------------

# Programming hardware: alf avr910 avrisp bascom bsd
 # dt006 pavr picoweb pony-stk200 sp12 stk200 stk500
 #
 # Type: avrdude -c ?
 # to get a full listing.
 #
 AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = usbasp

# com1 = serial port. Use lpt1 to connect to parallel port.
 AVRDUDE_PORT = usb

AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -U flash:w:$(TARGET).hex
 #AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM = -U eeprom:w:$(TARGET).eep

# Uncomment the following if you want avrdude's erase cycle counter.
 # Note that this counter needs to be initialized first using -Yn,
 # see avrdude manual.
 #AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER = -y

# Uncomment the following if you do /not/ wish a verification to be
 # performed after programming the device.
 AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY = -V

# Increase verbosity level. Please use this when submitting bug
 # reports about avrdude. See
 # to submit bug reports.
 # AVRDUDE_VERBOSE = -v -v

AVRDUDE_FLAGS = -p $(MCU) -P $(AVRDUDE_PORT) -c $(AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER)
 AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY)
 AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_VERBOSE)
 AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER)

#---------------- Debugging Options ----------------

# For simulavr only - target MCU frequency.
 DEBUG_MFREQ = $(F_CPU)

# Set the DEBUG_UI to either gdb or insight.
 # DEBUG_UI = gdb
 DEBUG_UI = insight

# Set the debugging back-end to either avarice, simulavr.
 DEBUG_BACKEND = avarice
 #DEBUG_BACKEND = simulavr

# GDB Init Filename.
 GDBINIT_FILE = __avr_gdbinit

# When using avarice settings for the JTAG
 JTAG_DEV = /dev/com1

# Debugging port used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr.
 DEBUG_PORT = 4242

# Debugging host used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr, normally
 # just set to localhost unless doing some sort of crazy debugging when
 # avarice is running on a different computer.
 DEBUG_HOST = localhost

#============================================================================

# Define programs and commands.
 SHELL = sh
 CC = avr-c++
 OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
 OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
 SIZE = avr-size
 AR = avr-ar rcs
 NM = avr-nm
 AVRDUDE = avrdude
 REMOVE = rm -f
 REMOVEDIR = rm -rf
 COPY = cp
 WINSHELL = cmd

# Define Messages
 # English
 MSG_ERRORS_NONE = Errors: none
 MSG_BEGIN = -------- begin --------
 MSG_END = -------- end --------
 MSG_SIZE_BEFORE = Size before:
 MSG_SIZE_AFTER = Size after:
 MSG_COFF = Converting to AVR COFF:
 MSG_EXTENDED_COFF = Converting to AVR Extended COFF:
 MSG_FLASH = Creating load file for Flash:
 MSG_EEPROM = Creating load file for EEPROM:
 MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING = Creating Extended Listing:
 MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE = Creating Symbol Table:
 MSG_LINKING = Linking:
 MSG_COMPILING = Compiling C:
 MSG_COMPILING_CPP = Compiling C++:
 MSG_ASSEMBLING = Assembling:
 MSG_CLEANING = Cleaning project:
 MSG_CREATING_LIBRARY = Creating library:

# Define all object files.
 OBJ = $(SRC:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(CPPSRC:%.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(ASRC:%.S=$(OBJDIR)/%.o)

# Define all listing files.
 LST = $(SRC:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst) $(CPPSRC:%.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst) $(ASRC:%.S=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst)

# Compiler flags to generate dependency files.
 GENDEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP -MF .dep/$(@F).d

# Combine all necessary flags and optional flags.
 # Add target processor to flags.
 ALL_CFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $(GENDEPFLAGS)
 ALL_CPPFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x c++ $(CPPFLAGS) $(GENDEPFLAGS)
 ALL_ASFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x assembler-with-cpp $(ASFLAGS)

# Default target.
 all: begin gccversion sizebefore build sizeafter end

# Change the build target to build a HEX file or a library.
 build: elf hex eep lss sym
 #build: lib

elf: $(TARGET).elf
 hex: $(TARGET).hex
 eep: $(TARGET).eep
 lss: $(TARGET).lss
 sym: $(TARGET).sym
 LIBNAME=lib$(TARGET).a
 lib: $(LIBNAME)

# Eye candy.
 # AVR Studio 3.x does not check make's exit code but relies on
 # the following magic strings to be generated by the compile job.
 begin:
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_BEGIN)

end:
 @echo $(MSG_END)
 @echo

# Display size of file.
 HEXSIZE = $(SIZE) --target=$(FORMAT) $(TARGET).hex
 ELFSIZE = $(SIZE) --mcu=$(MCU) --format=avr $(TARGET).elf

sizebefore:
 @if test -f $(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_BEFORE); $(ELFSIZE); \
 2>/dev/null; echo; fi

sizeafter:
 @if test -f $(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_AFTER); $(ELFSIZE); \
 2>/dev/null; echo; fi

# Display compiler version information.
 gccversion :
 @$(CC) --version

# Program the device.
 program: $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).eep
 $(AVRDUDE) $(AVRDUDE_FLAGS) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM)

# Generate avr-gdb config/init file which does the following:
 # define the reset signal, load the target file, connect to target, and set
 # a breakpoint at main().
 gdb-config:
 @$(REMOVE) $(GDBINIT_FILE)
 @echo define reset >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
 @echo SIGNAL SIGHUP >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
 @echo end >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
 @echo file $(TARGET).elf >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
 @echo target remote $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT) >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
 ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND),simulavr)
 @echo load >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)
 endif
 @echo break main >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

debug: gdb-config $(TARGET).elf
 ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND), avarice)
 @echo Starting AVaRICE - Press enter when "waiting to connect" message displays.
 @$(WINSHELL) /c start avarice --jtag $(JTAG_DEV) --erase --program --file \
 $(TARGET).elf $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT)
 @$(WINSHELL) /c pause

else
 @$(WINSHELL) /c start simulavr --gdbserver --device $(MCU) --clock-freq \
 $(DEBUG_MFREQ) --port $(DEBUG_PORT)
 endif
 @$(WINSHELL) /c start avr-$(DEBUG_UI) --command=$(GDBINIT_FILE)

# Convert ELF to COFF for use in debugging / simulating in AVR Studio or VMLAB.
 COFFCONVERT = $(OBJCOPY) --debugging
 COFFCONVERT += --change-section-address .data-0x800000
 COFFCONVERT += --change-section-address .bss-0x800000
 COFFCONVERT += --change-section-address .noinit-0x800000
 COFFCONVERT += --change-section-address .eeprom-0x810000

coff: $(TARGET).elf
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_COFF) $(TARGET).cof
 $(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-avr $< $(TARGET).cof

extcoff: $(TARGET).elf
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_COFF) $(TARGET).cof
 $(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-ext-avr $< $(TARGET).cof

# Create final output files (.hex, .eep) from ELF output file.
 %.hex: %.elf
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_FLASH) $@
 $(OBJCOPY) -O $(FORMAT) -R .eeprom $< $@

%.eep: %.elf
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_EEPROM) $@
 -$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom="alloc,load" \
 --change-section-lma .eeprom=0 --no-change-warnings -O $(FORMAT) $< $@ || exit 0

# Create extended listing file from ELF output file.
 %.lss: %.elf
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING) $@
 $(OBJDUMP) -h -S $< > $@

# Create a symbol table from ELF output file.
 %.sym: %.elf
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE) $@
 $(NM) -n $< > $@

# Create library from object files.
 .SECONDARY : $(TARGET).a
 .PRECIOUS : $(OBJ)
 %.a: $(OBJ)
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_CREATING_LIBRARY) $@
 $(AR) $@ $(OBJ)

# Link: create ELF output file from object files.
 .SECONDARY : $(TARGET).elf
 .PRECIOUS : $(OBJ)
 %.elf: $(OBJ)
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_LINKING) $@
 $(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $^ --output $@ $(LDFLAGS)

# Compile: create object files from C source files.
 $(OBJDIR)/%.o : %.c
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_COMPILING) $<
 $(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Compile: create object files from C++ source files.
 $(OBJDIR)/%.o : %.cpp
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_COMPILING_CPP) $<
 $(CC) -c $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Compile: create assembler files from C source files.
 %.s : %.c
 $(CC) -S $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Compile: create assembler files from C++ source files.
 %.s : %.cpp
 $(CC) -S $(ALL_CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Assemble: create object files from assembler source files.
 $(OBJDIR)/%.o : %.S
 @echo
 @echo $(MSG_ASSEMBLING) $<
 $(CC) -c $(ALL_ASFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Create preprocessed source for use in sending a bug report.
 %.i : %.c
 $(CC) -E -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@ # Target: clean project. clean: begin clean_list end clean_list : @echo @echo $(MSG_CLEANING) $(REMOVE) $(TARGET).hex $(REMOVE) $(TARGET).eep $(REMOVE) $(TARGET).cof $(REMOVE) $(TARGET).elf $(REMOVE) $(TARGET).map $(REMOVE) $(TARGET).sym $(REMOVE) $(TARGET).lss $(REMOVE) $(SRC:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(REMOVE) $(SRC:%.c=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst) $(REMOVE) $(CPPSRC:%.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.o) $(REMOVE) $(CPPSRC:%.cpp=$(OBJDIR)/%.lst) $(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.s) $(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.d) $(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.i) $(REMOVEDIR) .dep # Create object files directory $(shell mkdir $(OBJDIR) 2>/dev/null)

# Include the dependency files.
 -include $(shell mkdir .dep 2>/dev/null) $(wildcard .dep/*)

# Listing of phony targets.
 .PHONY : all begin finish end sizebefore sizeafter gccversion \
 build elf hex eep lss sym coff extcoff \
 clean clean_list program debug gdb-config